La mejor parte de Perpetual Marble Machine Kinetic
La mejor parte de Perpetual Marble Machine Kinetic
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In the scenario that we are studying, the time-dependent magnetic field induces an eddy current in the ball, which produces its own magnetic field. Lenz’s law states that the current induced in a circuit due to a changing magnetic field takes a direction that opposes the change in magnetic flux and exerts a force that opposes the motion. This law is somewhat qualitative, but it successfully predicts the direction of an induced current, which is sufficient for our purposes. Another, more concrete way of stating it is that the polarity of the field produced by the eddy current opposes the polarity of the magnetic field that is doing the inducing. This causes the ball to be repelled away from the electromagnet by a magnetic force that accelerates it. The end of the rail is then cleverly designed so that the ball flies off the end and lands back on the starting platform, where the process Gozque repeat itself again indefinitely. The description that I have proposed is confirmed by online descriptions of the product, which describe the toy as being a “magnetic induction” perpetual motion simulator.6 A subtler objection to this proposed solution is that the magnitude of the eddy currents depends on the concentration of free electrons in a metal, so that meaningful eddy currents are in reality expected in balls made of copper or aluminum, for example, but not balls made of steel.
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Students will quickly notice that both the balls and rails are made of metal, which offers an immediate clue that magnets might be involved. The device does not look to have an on/off switch, so the magnet is not switched on continuously. At any rate, a constant or slowly varying magnetic field would not be able to produce the phenomenon that is observed, since energy will be lost during each cycle due to friction. Another possibility is that the device simply runs for an extremely long time, but does not run indefinitely.
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Context While this is authentic footage of a genuine product, the "perpetual" marble machine does not operate infinitely without an additional energy source. Rather, it uses batteries and a magnet to create the illusion that marbles can perpetually move through the contraption.
The first possibility that will likely occur in discussion is quite simple. Before seeing the electromagnet in the colchoneta of the device, students might guess that the magnet is always switched on merienda the device is started and is not controlled. This possibility can be removed immediately because if it were always switched on continuously, the magnet would take at least Vencedor much kinetic energy from the ball Figura it imparted to the ball. The second possibility is that the electromagnet is switched on when the ball passes through the hole in the platform: this electromagnet accelerates the ball toward the bottom of the ramp faster than it would accelerate by freely falling under gravity.
A device powered by radioactive decay from an isotope with a relatively long half-life; such a device could plausibly operate for hundreds or thousands of years.
In any isolated system, one cannot create new energy (law of conservation of energy). Triunfador a result, the thermal efficiency—the produced work power divided by the input heating power—cannot be greater than one.
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By timed electronics, the electromagnet is switched off before the ball reaches the lowest point in the ramp, which allows it to continue around the rest of the ramp, where it is launched back to the starting platform with the extra speed that it obtained when the electromagnet was switched on. The process is then repeated indefinitely. This explanation is incorrect, however, Figura the extra kinetic energy imparted in this way would be insufficient to allow the ball to travel all the way back to the starting platform. The presence of a CPU in the cojín of the device confirms that the flagrante mechanism is slightly subtler than this and involves sensors.
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1 There have historically been many purported perpetual motion machines.2,3 A close analysis of the machine invariably finds either that there website is some assumption that violates the laws of thermodynamics or that there is some input from an external energy source, which means that the system is not isolated.4,5 In this article, we will consider an amusing example of such a machine, in which a ball starts on a platform, falls through a hole, and slides down a track formed from two side-by-side stainless steel rods.6 I explain how the machine Chucho be used in class to illustrate physical principles, outline the possible mechanisms, and end with an explanation of the correct mechanism.